International Journal of Research and Reports in Hematology

The Effect of Anisopus mannii on Blood Glucose Levels of Normal and Diabetic Wistar Rats

Darlington, Akukwu — 2024-02-13

Diabetes mellitus, a chronic metabolic disorder of carbohydrate, lipid and protein metabolism is characterized by persistent elevation of fasting blood glucose due to insufficient or complete cessation of insulin synthesis or secretion and / or peripheral resistance to insulin action. One is considered diabetic when his/her fasting blood glucose level falls between 160-200mg/dl. Conventional drugs used for the management of diabetes mellitus are expensive and produce side effects on different patients, hence the need for a more natural remedy. Anisopus mannii stem was collected from a bush in Yola, Adamawa State, Nigeria and identified by a taxonomist in the Department of Biological Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University Awka. Fifty-five adult male Wistar rats weighing 200-250g were procured from physiology department, Nnamdi Azikiwe University and used for the work; 25 were used for acute toxicity test and 30 were used for the experiment proper. The rats were acclimatized for two weeks before the experiment began. They were fed with commercial Grower’s Mash (Livestock feed, Nigeria Ltd.) and provided clean tap water ad-libitum. It was observed that, at 600mg/kg, the hypoglycemic and anti-diabetic effect of the Anisopus mannii stem aqueous extract was comparable to glibenclamide, a conventional drug used in managing diabetes mellitus, with a duration of action that extended for up to 18 hours. The possible mechanism of action of Anisopus mannii stem aqueous extract may be via increased peripheral utilization and decreased intestinal absorption of glucose in diabetic rats and, may be with stimulation of insulin release in normal rats. Isolation of the active principle(s) constitutes area of further research. Aqueous extract of Anisopus mannii stem have hypoglycemic and anti-diabetic activities and thus justifying its use by traditional herbalist in the management of diabetes mellitus. These effects could be attributed to the presence of saponins, flavinoids in the extract.

Hepatoprotective and Hematological Effect of Aqueous Extract of Bombax costatum in Wistar Rat

Elendu Melford Uche — 2024-03-09

The aim of this study was to evaluate the hepatoprotective and hematological effects of aqueous extract of Bombax costatum in Wistar rats. Freshly harvested leaves of Bombax costatum washed with clean tap water were air dried at room temperature. The dried leaves were subsequently ground into fine powder with the aid of an electric blender. Exactly 500 g of powdered plant sample was processed into extract. Thirty (30) adult male Wistar rats were divided into six groups of five rats each. Group I was the normal control administered 2 ml of distilled water. Group II was the negative control i.e., induced liver damage without treatment. Groups III-V were administered 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg of extract of B. constatum respectively prior to induction of hepatic damage. Treatment lasted for 10 days after which animals were sacrificed and blood sample collected. Qualitative phytochemical screening, biochemical and hematological parameters were performed using standard procedures. While anthraquinone was reportedly absent, saponin was the most abundant of the phytochemicals reportedly present. The activity of the liver enzymes was high in the negative control which was induced hepatic damage without treatment. However, it was significantly (P<0.05) lower in groups which were pre-treated with aqueous extract of Bombax constatum prior to induction attempt. It was also observed that Packed Cell Volume (PCV), Hemoglobin concentration (Hb) and Red Blood Cell (RBC) reported for the negative control were significantly (P<0.05) lower than that reported for the normal control. However, in groups which were administered with the said extract before induction attempt, PCV, Hb, and RBC were significantly (P<0.05) higher than those reported for group II which were induced hepatic damage without treatment. In conclusion, aqueous extract of B. costatum has hepato and hemato protective effects.

Effects of Canned Tomatoes Consumption on Hematological Profile, Renal Markers, and Histology Using Male Wistar Rats

Ezon-Ebidor Innocent Edibamode — 2024-04-02

Background: Tomatoes are currently an important food component globally, they are the largest vegetable both in terms of production and consumption. This study was aimed at investigating the effect of tomato consumption on hematological parameters, renal markers, and renal histology of male Wistar rats.

Methods: A study involved 20 male Wistar rats and 30 pieces of Gino tomato paste. The rats were acclimatized for 14 days and divided into two groups. The experiment was carried out in two phases, with the experimental group fed tomato paste and water. After each phase, samples were collected for hematological and biochemical analysis.

Results: The results from the hematological analysis show that Packed Cell Volume, Hemoglobin, and Red Blood Cells were significant in the acute phase while they were not in the recuperation phase. The Biochemical analysis shows Potassium and Chloride (Cl^-) as not significant although potassium levels were found to be very high in the acute phase while none of the biochemical parameters were found to be significant in the recuperation phase. Histologically there were no observed pathological changes of the normal kidney against the kidney of tomato administer rats.

Conclusion: The study shows that consumption of tomato paste affects renal maker Potassium as it increases its normal level. It further shows that consuming tomato paste increases the Hemoglobin, Pack Cell Volume, and Red Blood Cells.

Exflagellation in Plasmodium vivax Malaria: Diagnostic Dilemmas and Solutions

Shailendra Rathod — 2024-01-17

Trophozoites gametocytes and Schizonts are the most common developmental stages of Plasmodium vivax found in human blood. Exflagellation of microgametes occurs in mosquitos but not in humans during the life cycle malaria parasite. Exflagellation can occur in collected human blood and may cause diagnostic confusion with organisms such as spirochetes and trypanosomes. We present an unusual case of exfagellation in a six-year-old male patient with exflagellated microgametes, an unusual form of Plasmodium vivax in a human peripheral blood smear that may create diagnostic confusion with organisms such as spirochetes and trypanosomes.

Full Blood Count and Cancer Antigen 15.3 Levels of Breast Cancer Subjects in Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria

Ufomba, Kelechi Nnenna — 2024-03-01

Full blood count which is measurable indices of blood gives the total number and morphology of all the cellular component of the blood and is an important tool in disease diagnosis and monitoring of treatment. Cancer antigen 15.3 (CA 15.3) levels are mostly recommended for patients with metastatic breast cancer that are undergoing treatment therapy to monitor their tumor and check if the tumor is responding to the treatment therapy. It could also be used to survey disease recurrence after treatment of metastatic breast cancer.

Aim: The aim of this study is to evaluate full blood count and cancer antigen 15.3 levels of breast cancer subjects in Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria.

Study Design: A case-control study design was used in this study.

Place and Duration of study: Study was carried between May 2023 to October 2023 at the surgery department of federal medical center umuahia, Abia state,

Materials and Methods: A total of 120 subjects aged between 14 to 75 years were enrolled in this study. Of this 120 subjects, 60 were clinically diagnosed breast cancer patients while 60 were apparently healthy subjects. The breast cancer (BRCA) subjects were classified into stage I to IV of which 5 subjects (8.33%) were in Stage I, 14 subjects (23.33%) were in Stage II, 23 subjects (38.33%) were in Stage III and 18 subjects (30%) were in Stage IV. The haematological parameters were carried out using the five-part Mindray BC-5180 Haematology autoanalyzer manufactured by the Chinese Mindray company. The determination of the CA15.3 levels was done using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique. Data were analyzed using Graph Pad Prism version 8.2 and descriptive statistics was used for mean and standard deviation while Inferential statistics was used for students t-test, ANOVA and correlation. Statistical significance was set at 95% confidence interval (p≤0.05).

Results: There was statistically significant increase in WBC (9.3 ± 4.5 x10⁹/L versus 6.8 ± 1.7x10⁹/L) (p=0.0001), monocyte (7.4 ± 1.8 % versus 3.3 ± 1.1 %) (<0.0001) and mean platelet volume (9.0 ± 1.2 fl versus 8.1 ± 0.7 fl) (<0.0001) in breast cancer patients when compared with control subjects. There was however statistically significant decrease in eosinophils (1.5 ± 1.6% versus 2.1 ± 1.9%)(p=0.0413), basophils (0.1 ± 0.2 versus 0.5 ± 0.4)(p=<0.0001), RBC (3.5 ± 0.7 x10¹²/l versus 4.9 ± 0.6 x10¹²/l)(p=<0.0001), PCV (27.2 ± 6.4 % versus 35.9 ± 3.0 %)(p= <0.0001), PDW (13.5 ± 0.8 versus 17.0 ± 1.7)(p=<0.0001), HB (8.8 ± 2.1g/dl versus 11.9 ± 1.1g/dl)(p=<0.0001), MPV (9.0 ± 1.2fl versus 8.1 ± 0.7 fl)(p=<0.0001) and LMR (4.4 ± 2.5 versus 7.7 ± 6.1)(p= 0.0002) in breast cancer patients when compared with control subjects . Other haematological parameters like neutrophils, lymphocytes, MCV, MCH, MCHC and platelets did not show any statistical significant difference. There was statistically significant increase in cancer antigen 15.3 levels in breast cancer patients when compared with control subjects (23.2 ± 8.0 U/ml versus 9.3 ± 5.4 U/ml) (p=<0.0001).

Conclusion: This study has established that cancer antigen 15.3 levels, does not really show the severity of breast cancer in a subject. Although high levels of cancer antigen levels were seen in the diseased individuals, but one would expect that in patients with advanced stages, very high levels of CA15-3 will be observed, but it was not so, in this study. Also this study established that, chemotherapy sessions are important for quick recovery as it was seen in this study, the subjects were not consistent with their sessions, which led to poor prognosis for most of them.

Inheritance of ABO Blood Group and Rhesus Factor and It Implication in Genetic Counselling and Public Health Education

Albert Opoku — 2024-02-10

Introduction: The discovery of the ABO Blood Group and rhesus factor, over century ago, triggered countless enthusiasm. Before then, all blood had been presumed to be the matching, and the often tragic consequences of blood transfusions were not understood.

Objective: The objective of this article sought to explain Inheritance of ABO Blood Group and Rhesus factor which would contribute to knowledge and help in Genetic Counselling.

Methodology: This is a scoping review to explain Inheritance of ABO Blood Group and Rhesus factor. The LILACS-BIREME, SCIELO, PUBMED, ACADEMIA, SCIENCE DOMAIN databases, some textbooks and google scholar were accessed for the study. Scientific papers published in English were reviewed. A total of 35 reports published were identified and reviewed. Twenty five (25) publications meeting the inclusion criterion were selected for this review. Finally, an analysis was conducted and the papers were assessed in agreement with the study objectives.

Findings: Determining an individual’s blood group is important prior to blood transfusion and prior to the donation or receiving of a kidney transplant. Although blood group studies cannot be used to prove paternity, they can provide unequivocal evidence that a male is not the father of a particular child. Aside knowing your genotype before marriage, there is the need for one to know about Rhesus factor to prevent Rhesus factor incompatibility.

Conclusion: The discussion and knowledge generated on the ABO blood group and the Rhesus factor could be used in genetic counselling and public health education to prevent transfusion reaction and Rhesus factor incompatibility.